Looking at profits in other areas, Lagardere said the U.K. had an “excellent year” led by its general literature program and rising digital sales. France had a mixed year with good results in general literature, illustrated books and Larousse offset by a decline in education. The Spanish recession led to lower profits there.

Digital sales accounted for 8% of worldwide sales at Lagardere Publishing, up from 6% in 2011. E-books’ penetration is greatest in the U.S. and U.K., accounting for 23% of sales in each area (including audio, digital made up 26% of HBG revenue last year). E-book sales in France comprised 1.8% of adult literature sales.